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Bioavailable:
Said of a substance absorbed after ingestion, i.e. that is found in the general blood circulation.
Combustion:
Exothermic reaction (generating heat) between a fuel and an oxidizer.
Creatinine phosphokinase or CPK:
CPK is a plasma marker for muscle damage and cramps. The lower the plasma concentrations of CPK, the lower the risk of muscle damage and cramp and therefore the greater the protective activity of the product tested.
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DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid:
Molecule carrying hereditary genetic information. DNA is found in the nuclei of the cells of our body.
Endogenous:
Found inside the body, that which is due to internal causes - as opposed to exogenous.
Enzyme:
Protein present in all the cells of living beings, aiding the chemical reactions which naturally occur there.
Exogenous:
Coming from outside the body, that which is due to external causes - as opposed to endogenous.
Free radicals or FR:
Chemical species having a single electron (not paired). Free radicals are chemically very reactive which makes them very unstable.
In living systems, physiological production of oxygen derived free radicals occurs continuously during fundamental metabolism (mitochondrial respiratory chain, bacterial defense, inflammatory reaction etc.). In pathological conditions or through external factors such as UV radiation, smoking, pollution, over-production of these reactive species may occur which can damage our cells.
Fuel:
Substance capable of burning in the presence of another reactant (oxidizer) to provide energy.
Hemoglobin:
Protein circulating in the blood which transports oxygen.
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Innocuity:
Quality of something which is not harmful. We speak of the innocuity of a substance or a product.
Mitochondria:
Cytoplasmic organelles present in all the cells of the organism. Mitochondria play an essential role in oxidative phenomena and the production of energy in the cells in the form of ATP.
OPTOJUMP®:
OPTOJUMP® is the name of a test used to assess the physical performance and recovery of individuals. This test has been scientifically validated.
ORAC method:
ORAC is the abbreviation of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity. The ORAC method allows the antioxidant capacity of a substance to be measured. It is one of the most widely used methods in the scientific world for determining the antioxidant capacity of a substance.
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Organelle:
Any differentiated structure within the cell: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, centrosome, nucleolus, etc. Organelles are contained within the cell and function as organs within it.
Oxidizer:
Substance which combines with a fuel in a combustion reaction. Air and oxygen are the most commonly known oxidizers.
Placebo:
Inactive preparation which is substituted for a substance in order to evaluate the activity of the latter.
Reactive oxygen species or ROS:
Free radical containing one or more oxygen molecules.
Trace element:
Chemical element existing in trace quantities (less than 2%) in the organism. Trace elements, at very low concentrations, are involved in the metabolism of living beings. They are necessary for the growth and development of the body.
As examples, zinc, magnesium, calcium, etc. are trace elements.
Vitamin:
Organic substance, without energetic value, but essential for the organism which cannot synthesize it. There are liposoluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E and K, as well as water soluble vitamins, such as the B group vitamins and vitamin C.
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